Challenges of Urologic Oncology in Low-to-Middle-Income Countries

We performed a literature review to identify articles regarding the state of urological cancers in low-to-middle-income countries (LMICs). The challenges that LMICs face are multifactorial and can include poor health education, inadequate screening, as well as limited access to treatment options and trained urologists. Many of the gold standard treatments in high-income countries (HICs) are scarce in LMICs due to their poor socioeconomic status, leading to an advanced stage of disease at diagnosis and, ultimately, a higher mortality rate. These standards of care are vital components of oncological disease management; however, the current and sparse literature available from LMICs indicates that there are many obstacles delaying early diagnosis and management options in LMICs. In the era of evolving medical diagnosis and treatments, sufficient data must be gathered and understood in order to provide appropriate diagnostic and treatment options to curtail rising mortality rates and, therefore, help to alleviate the burden in LMICs.