Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) in Arteriovenous (AV) Graft Implantation Through End-to-Side Anastomosis with Varying Tube Diameters Across Different Vascular Access Locations for Dialysis Treatment

<i>Background/Objectives:</i> Arteriovenous (AV) graft is a procedure for hemodialysis performed in the arm. Optimizing AV graft design is vital to enhance haemodialytic efficiency in patients with kidney disease. Despite being a standard procedure, making it work optimally is still difficult due to various graft diameters and anastomosis configurations, which have limited studies. This research aims to find the ideal AV graft tube diameter on blood flow and pressure gradients and the ideal body site for AV graft implantation and to study their angles for dialysate flow. <i>Methods:</i> Nine models were designed in Autodesk Fusion 360 with 40°, 50°, and 60° angles each having 2 mm, 5.1 mm, and 14.5 mm diameters, all following specific equations on continuity, momentum (Navier-Stokes Equation)), and the Reynolds Stress Model (RSM). The CFD simulation of these models was performed in ANSYS Fluent with an established parameter of 0.3 m/s inlet velocity and stiff/no-slip graft and artery wall boundary condition. <i>Results:</i> As a result, the design with a diameter of 14.5 mm and a 40° angle was overall the most ideal in terms of minimal wall shear stress and turbulence. <i>Conclusions:</i> Thus the brachiocephalic area or the forearm is calculated to be the most optimal implantation site. Additionally, varying angles do affect dialysate flow, as smaller values cause less stress.