Diplomacy with the DPRK during the Nakasone administration: With a focus on two-track diplomacy at the governmental and nongovernmental levels

Abstract The study investigates Japan's diplomacy towards North Korea (DPRK) during the Yasuhiro Nakasone administration (1983–1986), focusing on two-track diplomacy involving governmental and non-governmental efforts. While maintaining strong ties with the USA and South Korea (ROK), Nakasone sought to improve Japan–DPRK relations amidst Cold War tensions. Japan utilized informal diplomacy through channels like the Japan–DPRK Dietmen's League and the Socialist Party, despite obstacles like the Rangoon bombing and US skepticism. The research highlights Japan's efforts to manage relations with both DPRK and ROK and its role in regional strategies such as cross-recognition diplomacy involving China and the Soviet Union. Archival materials from Japanese and ROK diplomatic sources shed light on Japan’s diplomatic approach, which balanced international pressure and regional engagement. It concludes that while Japan's relationships with the ROK and the USA limited its governmental diplomacy, non-governmental initiatives played a critical role, paving the way for future developments in Japan–DPRK relations.