Altered Expressions of IL-15, IFNG, and HPRT1 Genes in the Thin Endometria of Patients with Reproductive Disorders: A Prospective Comparative Study

Reproductive disorders are common events in modern reproductive medicine, occurring both in spontaneous and assisted pregnancies. Studies on the molecular mechanisms of implantation disorders in thin endometria, including the study of gene transcriptional activities, have shed light on the identification of the potential biological markers of endometrial receptivity. <b>Background/Objectives</b>: The goal of this study was to reveal the significantly dysregulated selected gene expressions between RIF and RPL patients with thin endometria. <b>Methods</b>: Endometrial samples were collected from RIF patients (<i>n</i> = 20) and RPL patients (<i>n</i> = 19) during the implantation window days (LH + 7-LH + 10) of their natural menstrual cycles. Ten genes were chosen as the target genes regarding their possible relations with the implantation process. The total RNA was purified and reverse-transcribed, and gene expressions were quantified by RT-PCR. <b>Results</b>: The expressions of the <i>IL-15</i>, <i>INFG</i>, and <i>HPRT1</i> genes were significantly decreased in the RIF patients with thin endometria compared to the RPL patients (log₂ fold change = 0.92, <i>p</i> = 0.023 for <i>IL-15</i>; log₂ fold change = 1.24, <i>p</i> = 0.046 for <i>INFG</i>; and log₂ fold change = 0.579, <i>p</i> = 0.046 for <i>HPRT1</i>). There were no significant differences in the expressions of the <i>CXCL8</i>, <i>CXCL1</i>, <i>MMP10</i>, <i>C4BPA</i>, <i>TNC</i>, <i>VEGFB</i>, and <i>HAND2</i> genes between the groups. <b>Conclusions</b>: Decreased expressions of the <i>IL-15, INFG</i>, and <i>HPRT1</i> genes were found in patients with RIF with thin endometria compared to the endometria of women with RPL. This has practical significance for clinicians for the differentiated prescription of immunomodulatory therapy in patients undergoing ART programs.