A materials science approach to extracellular matrices

Extracellular matrices (ECMs) are foundational to all biological systems and naturally evolved as an intersection between living systems and active materials. Despite extensive study, research on ECMs often overlooks their structural material complexity and systemic roles. This Perspective argues for a holistic examination of ECMs from a materials science viewpoint, emphasizing their highly variable compositions, multiscale organizations, dynamic changes of mechanical properties, and fluid interactions. By transcending taxonomic and environmental boundaries, we aim to reveal underlying principles governing architectures, functions and adaptations of ECMs, with a focus on animal, plant and biofilm ECMs. Highlighting the role of water in ECM composition and function, and road-mapping the technical challenges in characterizing these complex materials, we propose an interdisciplinary framework to advance our understanding and application of ECMs across multiple scientific fields. Key focus areas include specimen preparation, multiscale analysis, and multimethod approaches. The optimization of specimen preparation first enables us meeting both biological and experimental conditions. The use of techniques that bridge the multiscale nature of ECMs is next, followed by integration of multiple techniques that are both position- and time-resolved, including structural and spectroscopic imaging. Such a coordinated approach promises not only to enrich our knowledge of biological systems but also to encourage the development of innovative bioinspired materials, with transformative implications across environmental science, health, and biotechnology.