Right-Sided Fourth Branchial Cleft Cyst in a Neonate: A Case Report and Literature Review

Anomalies of the fourth branchial cleft are exceedingly uncommon, presenting with a diverse array of clinical manifestations. The majority of branchial cleft anomalies, approximately 95%, are of the second type, with a mere 2% attributed to the fourth type. The latter is notably more prevalent on the left side, with reports indicating an 85% incidence. Herein, we report the case of a neonate presenting with a right-sided fourth branchial cleft cyst, which manifested at birth and subsequently underwent progressive enlargement, resulting in airway and esophageal compromise. The management strategy involved surgical excision, and the definitive diagnosis was established through histopathological examination, underscoring the rarity and diagnostic challenge of this form of branchial cyst.