Endophytic Penicillium oxalicum AUMC 14898 from Opuntia ficus-indica: A Novel Source of Tannic Acid Inhibiting Virulence and Quorum Sensing of Extensively Drug-Resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa

<i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i> is a harmful pathogen that causes a variety of acute and chronic infections through quorum sensing (QS) mechanisms. The increasing resistance of this bacterium to numerous antibiotics has created a demand for new medications that specifically target QS. Endophytes can be the source of compounds with antibacterial properties. This research is the first to examine tannic acid (TA) produced by endophytic fungus as a potential biotherapeutic agent. A novel endophytic fungal isolate identified as <i>Penicillium oxalicum</i> was derived from the cladodes of <i>Opuntia ficus-indica</i> (L.). The species identification for this isolate was confirmed through sequencing of the internal transcribed spacer region. The metabolites from the culture of this isolate were extracted using ethyl acetate, then separated and characterized using chromatographic methods. This led to the acquisition of TA, a compound that shows strong anti-QS and excellent antibacterial effects against extensively drug-resistant <i>P. aeruginosa</i> strains. Furthermore, it was shown that treating <i>P. aeruginosa</i> with the obtained TA reduced the secretion of virulence factors controlled by QS in a dose-dependent manner, indicating that TA inhibited the QS characteristics of <i>P. aeruginosa</i>. Simultaneously, TA significantly inhibited the expression of genes associated with QS, including <i>rhlR</i>/<i>I</i>, <i>lasR</i>/<i>I</i>, and <i>pqsR</i>. In addition, in silico virtual molecular docking showed that TA could efficiently bind to QS receptor proteins. Our results showed that <i>P. oxalicum</i> could be a new source of TA for the treatment of infections caused by extensively drug-resistant <i>P. aeruginosa</i>.