Application of Controlled Release Mechanisms in Vaccine Delivery

Vaccines, as an essential means of preventive medicine, profoundly impact human health by stimulating an immune response to protect the body from pathogens or treat diseases. However, conventional vaccine delivery methods have limitations such as multiple injections, rapid degradation in vivo, and difficulty in targeted delivery. The development of controlled release mechanisms has overcome these challenges, optimized the immune response and improved the efficacy and safety of vaccines by precisely controlling the time, space and dose of vaccine release in vivo. This review explores the fundamentals, recent applications and future directions of controlled release mechanisms in vaccine delivery, focusing on the design and application of intelligent delivery systems such as biodegradable nanoparticles, self-healing microspheres, scaffolded vaccines and targeted vaccine systems. With the continuous progress of biotechnology and nanotechnology, controlled-release vaccines herald a new direction in vaccine design and delivery and bring efficient vaccine products to global public health.