Evolving Prefectural Libraries in Japan: A Comparative Study of Tokyo and Hokkaido

ABSTRACT Traditional roles of Japanese prefectural libraries involve supporting and advising municipal libraries. However, since the 2000s, their roles have diminished owing to financial downturns, an aging population, and municipal libraries' establishment, forcing them to redefine their missions and services to remain relevant. This study aimed to determine whether differences exist in the services of prefectural libraries based on the varying status of municipal libraries and to illustrate these differences through case studies on a pilot basis. The following three research questions were posed: (1) Do differences exist in the services provided directly to citizens? (2) Do differences exist in the services provided through municipal libraries? (3) Do differences exist in the services supporting municipal libraries? Using hierarchical cluster analysis, Tokyo and Hokkaido were selected for a comparative case study. The findings indicate significant differences in services, influenced by establishment rates and service levels among municipal libraries.