Assessing GNSS Spoofing Impact on A Safety-Critical Land Transportation Localization Function Within a Cooperative Fleet: An End-Users Focused Experimental Study

The widespread adoption of Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) in land transportation highlights the critical security concerns posed by GNSS spoofing. These threats compromise the reliability and safety of transportation, impacting not only individual vehicles but also the collective functionality of these systems. Prior studies have primarily concentrated on the detection and mitigation of GNSS spoofing at the level of individual vehicles. This research breaks new ground by examining the effects of GNSS spoofing on a fleet of vehicles, an aspect that has not been explored in prior work. By leveraging a combination of advanced GNSS signal emulation platforms like Safran Skydel SDX and a practical setup involving well-equipped robotized cars, the dynamics of how spoofing influences fleet operations under various conditions are examined. The study assesses the degradation in fleet performance through a series of controlled experiments. The investigation highlights how spoofing impacts Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) such as accuracy, availability and integrity within cooperative fleets, offering insights into the development of robust protective strategies to ensure the integrity and safety of future cooperative land transportation systems.