GNSS Spoofing Localization with Moving Dual Antennas via Particle Filter

Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSSs) are vulnerable to Radio Frequency Interference (RFI), including both jamming and spoofing, due to the weak signal strength at the Earth’s surface and the public signal structure. Among these, spoofing attacks are particularly concerning as they can deceive receivers into producing incorrect Position, Velocity, and Time (PVT) estimations by introducing false information, unbeknownst to users. To effectively neutralize a spoofer, it is crucial to determine its location. Current spoofing localization techniques typically demand intricate hardware setups, such as the deployment of multiple monitoring stations across different locations or the use of advanced array antennas. Some approaches attempt to reduce costs by employing a moving antenna, but these are often limited in their ability to address certain types of spoofing attacks. With the growing adoption of dual-antenna GNSS receivers for attitude estimation, these systems offer a promising solution to the challenges of spoofing localization. This paper proposes a novel method that leverages moving dual antennas for spoofing localization, which can be seamlessly integrated into existing dual-antenna systems through a software update. To solve the high non-linear equations in spoofing localization and mitigate cycle slips in integer ambiguities, the particle filter method is applied. This approach not only reduces the cost and complexity of spoofing localization but also enhances the ability to counter a wider range of spoofing attacks compared to single-antenna systems. The efficacy of the proposed method is demonstrated through field experiments.