Comparison of GNSS Multipath/NLoS Characterization Between Geodetic Receivers and Smartphones Across GPS L1 C/A and L5 Signals

The issue of multipath and Non-Line-of-Sight (NLoS) interferences has significantly impacted the performance of Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) services in various emerging applications, such as autonomous vehicles and smart wearables. Characterizing the statistical pattern for multipath/NLoS interference might enlighten the development of techniques for detecting and mitigating such interferences. For this purpose, this research first introduces a method to estimate pseudorange biases caused by multipath/NLoS using a clustering algorithm. Then, the estimation method for the multipath/NLoS bias is extended to dual-frequency GNSS signals, including Global Positioning System (GPS) L1 C/A and L5. Subsequently, an experiment is carried out to collect and analyze real-world static GNSS data under multipath/NLoS environments. This analysis involved a comparative study of multipath/NLoS patterns using both a geodetic receiver and a smartphone across GPS L1 C/A and L5 signals. The experimental results uncovered some patterns in multipath/NLoS behaviors, offering insights that could potentially guide the development of new algorithms to detect and mitigate such interferences.