Changes in the bioactivity of einkorn wheat during the maturation period and theireffect on the properties of einkorn bread

Immature cereals may contain higher levels of nutrients than mature cereals. Immature and mature einkorn wheats werecompared in terms of physicochemical, technological, rheological, and nutritional qualities and their performances for making breadwere revealed. The values for thousand grain weight, hectoliter weight, sedimentation value and falling number of immature andmature einkorn wheat samples were 23.25–32.29 (g), 72.32–79.11 (kg/hL), 15.02–18.07 (mL) and 312–341 (sec), respectively (p ≤ 0.05).Immature einkorn wholegrain flour (IEWF) contains more than twofold mineral substance than mature einkorn wholegrain flour(MEWF). The total phenolic content and antioxidant properties of IEWF were found to be higher than those of MEWF. The empiricalrheological properties of IEWF were higher than those of MEWF except for degree of softening . The G′ of both IEWF and MEWF werealways found higher than the G″, so they exhibited elastic behavior. The crust color brightness values of breads made from IEWF andMEWF were significantly different from bread made from commercial wheat wholegrain flour (CWF), but similar values were obtainedfor crumb color. The overall acceptability score of IEWF bread was similar to CWF bread, thus IEWF could be a good candidate forbread making or use in different food formulations.