Analysis of value co-creation pattern of household appliance supply chain enterprises based on technology innovation

In response to the challenges of resource scarcity and environmental degradation, governments worldwide have implemented various policies to encourage enterprises to pursue green transformation. Cooperation, particularly in the form of value co-creation, has emerged as a prevalent trend for enterprises aiming to achieve green technology innovation, given the high costs associated with innovation. In this context, value co-creation involves parties sharing the costs of a manufacturer's green technology innovation. This study examines the operational mechanisms of value co-creation between a core appliance manufacturer and its supplier, retailer, and other manufacturers within the same industry, as well as simultaneous co-creation with supplier and retailer under cap-and-trade policy. It constructs profit functions under four distinct patterns of value co-creation and determines the optimal cost-sharing ratios, preferred value co-creation patterns, and efficient value co-creation intervals across different scenarios. By integrating value co-creation with green technology innovation, this study enriches the existing research on value co-creation and provides theoretical insights into how manufacturers can effectively share the costs of technology innovation with collaborators. Furthermore, it offers strategic guidance for manufacturers in selecting the most advantageous value co-creation patterns in the future.