Combination therapy of bevacizumab and galunisertib extends TVN time window

Tumor vascular normalization (TVN) enhances tumor perfusion and reduces metastasis, making it a promising alternative strategy for anti-angiogenic cancer treatment.1 The vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) family, known for its significant pro-angiogenic activity and anti-apoptotic effects on endothelial cells, consists of several members, including VEGF-A, VEGF-B, VEGF-C, VEGF-D, VEGF-E, VEGF-F, PlGF, and EG-VEGF.2 Transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) regulates angiogenesis, acting as a pro-angiogenic factor at low concentrations and an anti-angiogenic factor at high concentrations.