Biomimetic Microstructural Materials for Intervertebral Disk Degeneration Repair

The intervertebral disks (IVD) serve as shock absorbers in the spine. As the largest avascular tissue in the human body, it has a limited capacity for regeneration. To address this issue, various innovative biomimetic materials have been explored to facilitate IVD regeneration at both microscopic and macroscopic levels. Techniques such as electrostatic spinning and fiber‐winding machines have been employed to prepare biomimetic materials. In this review, the physiological structure of the IVD is described, and advanced studies on its microstructure are summarized. The techniques used in biomimetic biomaterial development are further investigated, and biomimetic materials that facilitate IVD regeneration are systematically explored. Specifically, this article provides a detailed description and summary of the key features of biomimetic materials, including the types of loads they can withstand and their regenerative effects. Finally, a prospective outlook for the development and application of biomimetic materials in IVD regeneration is presented.