Phytochemical Analysis, Cytotoxic, Antioxidant, and Anti-coccidian Activities of <i>Vitis vinifera</i> Leaves Grown in Saudi Arabia

Background: Natural products are essential for medicinal purposes in developing countries. Traditional and contemporary medicine utilized plant products as alternative treatments for parasitic diseases. Objectives: The purpose of the investigation is to analyze and assess the bioactive compounds in Vitis vinifera leaf extracts, as well as their effect on coccidiosis. Materials and methods: Several analytical techniques were utilized, such as infrared spectroscopy (IR) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Additionally, we assessed the total phenol, tannin, flavonoid examination, and cytotoxicity of the plant extracts using an MTT assay and UV-visible spectrophotometry (UV-Vis). Moreover, the samples’ levels of antioxidant activity (measured with DPPH and ABTS) were analyzed. Results: The leaf extract's GC-MS study identified many bioactive elements linked to plant secondary metabolites. Further, the total phenol, tannin, and flavonoid were 160.217 ± 0.652, 65.872 ± 0.263, and 34.0463 ± 0.545 (mg TAE/g DW), respectively. It also contains these extracts with a high antioxidant and DPPH radical scavenging activity. This reflects the number of bioactive chemicals that are present in these extracts. Conclusions: The findings of this research discuss techniques in phytochemical analysis of Vitis vinifera leaf extracts and the identification of biologically active components that support and justify the utilization of grape leaves in folk medicine in developing countries.