International humanitarian law as a result of challenges of armed conflicts

The study is devoted to the analysis of the evolution of international humanitarian law in the context of the protection of human rights and freedoms during armed conflicts. The historical development of legal norms is considered, starting from the early attempts to regulate military operations to the formation of the modern system of international law. Special attention is paid to three key areas of development of international humanitarian law: Geneva, Hague and New York. The Geneva Conventions of 1949 and additional protocols to them, which became the foundation for the protection of war victims, are analyzed in detail. The Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907, which established the rules of warfare and the principles of peaceful resolution of conflicts, are considered. The role of the UN in the development of international law is highlighted, in particular through the adoption of resolutions and the holding of international conferences. The work emphasizes the importance of creating universal standards for the protection of human rights and their consolidation at the level of international law. Key international documents such as the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, International Covenants on Human Rights and European Conventions are analyzed. The study reveals the process of integration of various aspects of humanitarian law, which led to the formation of a comprehensive approach to the regulation of armed conflicts. There is a growing understanding of the relationship between human rights, the rules of war and the protection of civilians. Particular attention is paid to modern challenges in the field of human rights protection during armed conflicts, in particular in the context of the Russian-Ukrainian war. Ukraine’s efforts to adapt national legislation to the conditions of armed conflict and the implementation of international norms are considered. The study emphasizes the need for continuous improvement of mechanisms for the protection of human rights in the conditions of armed conflicts and adaptation of international law to the new realities of warfare. The work is important for understanding the current state of international humanitarian law and the prospects for its development.