Distribution Patterns of Soil Microorganisms under Different Vegetation Types along the Riparian Wetland of the Ulson River and Its Influencing Factors

Wetlands are important for maintaining global ecosystem functions, mitigating global climate change, and regulating regional climate change. Ecological problems caused by global climate change have had serious impacts on plant distribution patterns in the wetlands of riparian zones, as well as on microbial community habitats in the soil. This study was based on a field sampling survey of the distribution characteristics of plant communities in the Ulson River, combined with remote sensing to obtain the spatial distribution pattern of vegetation in the riparian wetland. High-throughput sequencing technology combined with the characteristics of soil physicochemical factors were then used to explore the distribution characteristics of the community structures of soil bacteria and fungi under different vegetation types in the Ulson River Basin, in order to reveal the pattern of changes of soil microbial microorganisms under the different vegetation types in the wetlands of the riparian area and the factors driving those changes. The results showed an obvious banding phenomenon of wetland vegetation in the Ulson River Basin. Proteobacteria ranked first in relative abundance in all the sample plots and were the dominant bacteria in the study area. Ascomycota and Basidiomycota were the dominant fungi in the study area. In swamp areas, degenerate swamp soils, soil moisture content, and soil bulk density affected the microbial richness directly or indirectly by controlling soil nutrients. Plant aboveground biomass was the most significant factor influencing microbial diversity in a typical wet meadow sample. In salinized meadows and swamped meadows, electrical conductivity affected microbial richness and soil bulk density was the main factor influencing microbial diversity. The findings of this study can provide a theoretical basis for the ecological restoration of degraded riparian wetlands and further clarification of soil ecosystem functions in riparian wetlands.