Association Between Dairy Production System and Milk Functionality Based on Analysis of miRNAs in Exosomes from Milk

Dairy farming practices significantly affect the nutritional and functional properties of milk. This study compares miRNAs in milk exosomes from extensive and intensive dairy systems and explores their potential implications for human consumers. Extensive systems are believed to produce milk of higher quality with better animal welfare compared to intensive systems. Milk samples from eight extensive and nine intensive dairy farms were analysed. Milk-derived extracellular vesicles were isolated through sequential ultracentrifugation and characterised through Dynamic Light Scattering and Nanosight to determine the size and the concentration of the extracellular vesicles, in addition to immunoblotting to ensure the presence of exosome-specific proteins in their membrane. miRNA levels were quantified using RT-qPCR, and metabolic pathways associated with miRNAs showing significant differences between farm groups were analysed. EVs from extensive farms had higher concentrations. Notably, <i>bta-miR-451</i> levels were significantly higher in milk from extensive farms (<i>p</i> = 0.021). Like human miRNA <i>hsa-miR-451</i>, it is linked to pathways related to Parkinson's disease and cancer. Our research suggests that milk production in extensive systems not only provides socioeconomic and environmental benefits but may also have positive effects on human health. Further research is warranted to explore the bioactive potential of these miRNAs and their implications for human health.