Mitosis: A Scalable Sharding System Featuring Multiple Dynamic Relay Chains

Sharding is a prevalent approach for addressing performance issues in blockchain. To reduce governance complexities and ensure system security, a common practice involves a relay chain to coordinate cross-shard transactions. However, with a growing number of shards and cross-shard transactions, the single relay chain usually first suffers from performance bottleneck and shows poor scalability, thus making the relay chain's scalability vital for sharding systems. To solve this, we propose <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">Mitosis</i>, the first multi-relay architecture to improve the relay chain's scalability by sharding the relay chain itself. Our proposed relay sharding algorithm dynamically adjusts the number of relays or optimizes the topology between relays and shards to adaptively scale up relay chain's performance. Furthermore, to guarantee the security of the multi-relay architecture, a new validator reconfiguration scheme is designed, accompanied by a comprehensive security analysis of <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">Mitosis</i>. Through simulation experiments on two mainstream relay chain paradigms, we demonstrate that <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">Mitosis</i> can achieve high scalability and outperform state-of-the-art baselines in terms of workload of relays, relay chain throughput, and transaction latency.