Photothermal-Induced Multimodal Antibacterial Dressing Comprising <i>N</i>-Halamine Hydrogel Loaded with Cow Dung Biochar for Infected Wound Healing

Disposal of the cow dung pollutants arising from cattle farming threatens the environment and public safety in diverse ways. To date, researchers have worked on developing new pathways to control and manage cattle farming wastes, but most do not involve the reuse of these wastes. Herein, a cow dung biochar-modulated photothermal <i>N</i>-halamine hydrogel (i.e., PAN/CA/CoBC/pMAG-Cl) was designed for converting cow dung into biochar (CoBC), which was then coupled with a 3D interpenetrating hydrogel network to treat infected wounds. The PAN/CA/CoBC/pMAG-Cl hydrogel exhibited excellent synergistic antibacterial performance against 10⁶ CFU·mL^-1 <i>Escherichia coli</i> (<i>E. coli</i>) and <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> (<i>S. aureus</i>) within 60 min. The bactericidal effect was multimodal, involving CoBC-based photothermal killing (i.e., temperature as high as 80.5 °C) after 808 nm near-infrared light irradiation for 10 min, contact killing through the strong oxidative characteristic of <i>N</i>-halamine (pMAG-Cl), and release killing via active halogens (i.e., Cl⁺) reinforced by the photothermal action of CoBC. The <i>S. aureus</i>-infected wound model <i>in vivo</i> demonstrated that the PAN/CA/CoBC/pMAG-Cl hydrogel worked as an ideal wound dressing, capable of resisting bacterial infection, accelerating the healing process, and promoting epithelial regeneration. This proposed strategy could indicate a new way for the disposal of cow dung pollutant and its reuse in antibacterial-associated applications.