Spatiotemporal dynamics and habitat use of red snapper (Lutjanus campechanus) on the southeastern United States Atlantic continental shelf

Red snapper ( Lutjanus campechanus ) is an iconic marine fish species along the southeast United States coast. Despite its ecological and economic importance, surprisingly little is known about red snapper biology and habitat use on the southeast United States Atlantic continental shelf (SEUS). We used data from a long-term baited trap and video survey (2011–2022), as well as from remotely operated vehicle (ROV) sampling (2021–2023), to quantify temporal changes in relative abundance, patterns of spatial distribution, and habitat use of red snapper in the SEUS. Using generalized additive models, we showed that red snapper increased in relative abundance from 2011 to 2022 by ∼ 1000 % in both trap and video samples. Red snapper relative abundance was highest in mid-shelf waters off the east coast of Florida, Georgia, and, to a lesser extent, off the Outer Banks of North Carolina; red snapper were less common off southern North Carolina and South Carolina. Highest relative abundance of red snapper occurred in locations with a moderate amount of natural structured habitat and high seafloor complexity and were never observed at randomly selected ROV stations ( n = 197) lacking structured habitat. These results increase our understanding of the spatial and temporal distribution of red snapper, improve our knowledge of red snapper habitat use, and can be used when scaling local density estimates to the entire SEUS. • Relative abundance of red snapper has increased dramatically (∼ 1000 %) over the last 13 years based on a long-term baited trap and video survey. • Red snapper were most commonly observed off the east coast of Florida, Georgia, and, to a lesser extent, off the Outer Banks of North Carolina. • Red snapper were most commonly observed at moderate (40 m) depths and displayed a positive relationship with water temperature. • Using remotely operated vehicle sampling, red snapper were absent from all ( n = 197) randomly selected stations that lacked structured habitat.