Measurement methods for triplet-triplet annihilation photon upconversion

Triplet-triplet annihilation photon upconversion (TTA-UC) has made significant progress in recent decades and has shown high potential in solar energy harvesting and photocatalysis. There is a high demand for detailed and standardized descriptions of measurement protocols for TTA-UC, particularly regarding instrumentation, controlling software, and standard measurement procedures. Here, we present the hardware, software, and comprehensive guidelines for conducting TTA-UC testing. Our system successfully measured two typical TTA-UC samples containing palladium (II) octaethylporphine (PdOEP) and platinum (II) octaethylporphyrin (PtOEP) as the sensitizers and 9,10-diphenylanthracene (DPA) as the annihilator. The obtained key parameters of TTA-UC demonstrate the reliability and accuracy of our design and methods.