Sustainable biomass-derived carbon aerogels for energy storage applications

Various designs of sustainable biomass carbon aerogel for energy storage applications. • The types of biomass-based carbon aerogel precursors and the current research status are outlined. • The applications of biomass-based carbon aerogels in energy storage are presented. • Their development prospects are analyzed prospectively. • Strategies to improve the energy storage of biomass-based carbon aerogels and to industrialize them are discussed. Carbon aerogels are widely used in supercapacitors, secondary batteries, electrocatalysis and even sensors, due to their low density, high porosity, large specific surface area, mechanical stability, and high conductivity. Nevertheless, the precursors of inorganic carbon aerogels are derived from non-renewable sources, posing challenges such as costly and intricate preparation methods with limited yields. In contrast, biomass presents favorable attributes, being abundant in natural resources, renewable, environmentally friendly, and cost-effective. Consequently, the development of biomass-based carbon aerogels with controllable microstructure/surface functionalization, renewable precursors, environmentally friendly, low cost, high specific surface area, electrical conductivity, and good chemical stability holds promising prospects in the field of energy storage. Over the past five years, numerous studies have focused on converting various waste biomasses into valuable carbon aerogels with applications across diverse research areas. This review summarizes recent advances in biomass-based functional carbon aerogels for energy storage, providing insights into their emerging applications in various fields. The review comprehensively covers recent progress in energy-oriented applications, such as supercapacitors, hybrid capacitors, metal-ion batteries, and fuel cells, highlighting the significant strides made in these areas. Finally, the paper discusses and outlines the main challenges and opportunities that biomass-based functionalized carbon aerogels still face in the future.