Effect of touch on proprioception: non-invasive trigeminal nerve stimulation suggests general arousal rather than tactile-proprioceptive integration

We argue that nTNS does not disrupt spatial proprioceptive error maps but can improve proprioceptive estimation in the absence of tactile feedback. However, we observe no evidence that nTNS enhances tactile-proprioceptive integration as the touch condition does not exhibit significantly reduced error after nTNS.