Analysis of alternatives to the accelerating expansion of the Universe

Observations from the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) in recent years pose serious challenges to standard cosmology. Such a situation prompts to reconsider the models presented as alternatives to the Lambda-Cold Dark Matter (ΛCDM) model. In this work, a number of such models are considered, including models related to modifying gravity, models related to intrinsic luminosity of supernovae type Ia (SNe Ia), and models related to red shift. The accelerated expansion of the Universe is associated with the red shift of distant objects, and standard cosmology assumes that this red shift is caused by cosmological expansion. In this paper, we consider the alternative possibility that the red shift of distant objects may also be due to the phenomenon of red shift of light in the intergalactic and interstellar media.