Marxism-leninism: the Ideology of Twentieth Century Communism- A Philosophical Reading from Gramscian Perspective

This article explores Marxism-Leninism, the dominant ideology of 20th-century communism, through a philosophical lens rooted in the thought of Antonio Gramsci. By analysing Gramsci's critique of hegemony, state power, and cultural domination, this study re-examines Marxism-Leninism's theoretical foundations and practical applications. Gramsci’s perspective provides a critical assessment of the ways in which Leninist vanguardism and centralized authority both fulfilled and diverged from classical Marxist theory. The article delves into the tensions between the Leninist approach to revolution and Gramsci’s more nuanced understanding of class struggle, civil society, and cultural hegemony, highlighting the implications for revolutionary praxis. This Gramscian reading allows for a reappraisal of the successes and limitations of Marxism-Leninism, particularly in its ability to address the ideological and cultural challenges of maintaining socialist states during the 20th century. Ultimately, the paper argues that Gramsci’s insights offer valuable critiques and alternatives to the orthodoxies of Marxism-Leninism, opening pathways for rethinking communist ideology in contemporary political context.