Nano-structuration of porous frameworks and their dimensionality driven applications

Advancements in nanostructures and nanomaterials have significantly impacted both academic research and industry. Notable nanomaterials include carbon materials, polymeric nanoparticles, dendrimers, metal and metal oxide nanoparticles, liposomes, zeolites, Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs), MXenes, molecular cages, and covalent organic frameworks (COFs). Their unique structures and properties make them suitable for diverse applications. Nano-structuration, which generates various nano-architectures with unique characteristics, influences the physical, chemical, and electrical properties of nanomaterials. This process is essential for achieving desired properties and maximizing application potential. Carbon materials, MOFs, and other nanomaterials have been classified based on their architectural dimensionality and the effects of nano-structuration on their applications. However, comprehensive studies on the synthesis and fabrication of COF nanostructures with desired architectures and dimensionalities are lacking. This review discusses the library of available nanostructures based on dimensionality, factors influencing nano-structuration, and the potential applications of nanomaterials like carbon materials, MOFs, and organic cage molecules. Additionally, it attempts to classify COFs based on architectural variation, specific synthetic strategies, and other factors influencing nano-structuration and applications. The aim is to develop novel synthetic methods for COF architectures across all dimensions, utilizing their morphological diversity for targeted applications based on their structure-property relationship, and to explore new methodologies for interconverting COF architectures through covalent and supramolecular self-assembly.