Decoupling anthropogenic, climatic, and tectonic factors in the hydrology of playa-lakes in a semi-arid, tectonically active region (betic orogen, southern Spain)

Abstract Here, we explore the dynamic interplay of climate, tectonic forces and human impacts, that have shaped the current hydrology of the 27 main endorheic continental playa-lakes in southern Spain, most of them protected as Natural Reserves. This research offers a thorough examination of the hydro-geomorphic, geochemical, and tectonic characteristics that influenced the development of these wetlands. We introduce and apply several hydro-morphological indices that effectively characterize the hydrological functioning of these wetlands. Importantly, the examination of the geological setting and analysis of recent tectonics has been found to be effective in reconstructing the evolution of some of the major playa-lakes, including Fuente de Piedra playa-lake and El Gosque playa-lake. Lastly, the analysis of satellite information using the online tool water occurrence change intensity (WOCI) of Surface Water Explorer in the studied playa-lakes was found to be inconsistent in the long-term analysis. Enhanced attention is required to refine the WOCI tool, thereby ensuring a more precise depiction of wetland dynamics in the Mediterranean. Fine-tuning will better represent complex behaviors, thus improving its utility for monitoring and managing wetlands in the region.