Climate and Environmental Change on the Productivity of Wheat and Barley Crops in the State of Palestine

Greenhouse gas emissions in the agricultural sector result from several sources, the most important of which are nitrate dioxide (N2O) emissions resulting from the use of nitrogenous fertilizers to fertilize the soil, as well as methane emissions from internal fermentation, and emissions of CH4 and N2O gases resulting from organic fertilizer management, as well as pollution of agricultural drainage water with residues of chemical fertilizers and pesticides, on which most current agricultural methods depend. The study aims to demonstrate the impact of climate change on the productivity of both wheat and barley crops in the State of Palestine during the period (2007-2021), by estimating the multiple regression model in the double logarithmic form, where it was shown that increasing both the average maximum temperatures and the annual average rainfall rate by 1% leads to a decrease in wheat productivity by 1.04% and 0.27% for each of them, respectively, from the average wheat productivity in the State of Palestine, which amounted to about 2.08 tons/hectare during the study period, while increasing the annual average wind speed and the annual average wind speed by 1% for each of them leads to an increase in wheat productivity by 1.47% and 2.47% for each of them, respectively, from the average wheat productivity in the State of Palestine. The adjusted coefficient of determination reached 0.66, meaning that 66% of the changes occurring in the average wheat productivity in the State of Palestine are due to the changes occurring in both the average maximum temperatures and the average humidity, taking the degrees of freedom into account. While increasing the annual average rainfall rate by 1% leads to a decrease in barley productivity by 0.53% of the average barley productivity in the State of Palestine, which is about 2.17 tons/hectare during the study period, while increasing the annual average wind speed, the annual average wind speed by 1% for each of them leads to an increase in barley productivity by 2.44%, 3.94% for each of them respectively of the average barley productivity in the State of Palestine. The adjusted coefficient of determination reached 0.85, meaning that 85% of the changes occurring in the average barley productivity in the State of Palestine are due to the changes occurring in both the average maximum temperatures and the average humidity, taking the degrees of freedom into account.