Mesenchymal Stem Cells-Derived Microvesicle and the Future of Bone Grafting: A Narrative Review.

Critically sized bone fractures cannot heal naturally without targeted intervention throughout the animal's life. Hence, advanced methods of bone reconstruction are mandatory to promote bone healing. Bone graft alternates could enhance the mechanical properties of bones and provide an endless source of bone tissue regeneration. Utilizing revascularized bone-containing free flaps is considered one of the most efficient approaches for bone reconstruction, owing to the vitality of the bone tissue involved. Nevertheless, these processes are intricate and require advanced skills, a lot of time for collection, and gradual acquisition of manual abilities over multiple years. Recently, the method involving the fusion of bone tissue engineering components and mesenchymal stem cells has shown promise, particularly in clinical settings. Mesenchymal stem cells have the capacity to produce growth factors that aid angiogenesis and recruitment of other cells that play a significant part in motivating bone tissue production and healing. This article intends to show an overview of the current state of cell therapy in engineering of animal bone tissue.