Nonylphenol Toxicity: Exposure, Mode of Action, Toxic Effects

Nonylphenol (NPL) is concerned as a substance that may disrupt human endocrine systems. NPL is extensively prevalent in the environment which could disrupt the nervous system, immune system, reproduction. Its high hydrophobicity, makes NPL can withstand environmental conditions for an extended period particularly those in soil. Determining NPL risk depends up on the exposure circumstances including exposure pathways, exposure time, and exposure concentrations. It's critical to comprehend these concerns to evaluate the risk for human. NPL contaminates the environment through soil, and wastewater effluents causing its toxicity. Hence, determining origin, fate and harmful impact of NPL, besides elimination of it appears to be a top priority. NPL can be treated using microbiological and physicochemical techniques. Meanwhile, the fact that microbial techniques are environmentally friendly makes them popular. This review shows NPL toxicity, fate, and the ways for elimination from the environment.