Exploring the impact of sepak takraw ball heading on brain injury risk: An analytical and experimental investigation

Sepak takraw, a unique sport resembling volleyball but played with the legs, is popular in Asia. Players often use their foreheads to receive the ball, exposing them to potential brain injuries. This research evaluates the potential for brain injuries from heading in sepak takraw. Using both analytical and experimental approaches, we developed a mathematical model adapted from soccer-related studies to predict peak linear acceleration (PLA). We also conducted laboratory experiments to measure PLA and peak rotational acceleration (PRA) using a ball launcher and an Anthropomorphic Test Device (ATD). The mathematical model demonstrated a high level of accuracy in PLA prediction, confirming its reliability. Comparative analysis with soccer and water polo studies revealed that the measured PLA, PRA, and Head Injury Criteria (HIC) values for sepak takraw are below suggested concussion thresholds, indicating a lower risk of brain injury. However, this assessment does not account for the cumulative effects of repetitive head impacts, which increase the risk of brain injury over time. Despite sepak takraw’s distinct play style, the findings indicate that while the inherent risk of head injury from single impacts may be low, the potential long-term effects of repetitive impacts warrant further investigation. This study enhances the understanding of sports-related brain injuries and highlights the need for further research into subconcussive impacts and the development of protective measures. Our research paves the way for more comprehensive investigations, including field experiments, which are crucial for a nuanced understanding of sepak takraw’s impact dynamics.