Spinal Cord Injury: Developments in Using Stem Cells and Specialised Cells in Treating Spinal Cord Injuries

Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a severely debilitating condition that results in irreversible neurological deficits and significantly diminishes quality of life. Traditionally, treatment has primarily focused on symptom management and has offered limited functional recovery. Recent advancements in regenerative medicine and stem cell research have presented new possibilities for SCI patients. This review discusses key developments in SCI treatment, particularly stem cell transplantation, specialised cells, and combinational therapies. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), neural stem cells (NSCs), induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) and olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs) have shown promise in neural repair and functional recovery. Additionally, combining stem cell therapy with rehabilitation and neurotrophic factors enhances the therapeutic potential. However, achieving consistent and substantial functional recovery remains challenging and requires further research and large-scale clinical trials. This review underscores the need to translate these scientific advancements into clinical practice to improve the quality of life of SCI patients.