Phytochemical Screening, Antioxidant, Cytotoxic, Analgesic, Antidiarrheal Activity and GC-MS Analysis of the Leaves of Stachyphrynium Placentarium

The goal of the present study is to analyze the phytochemicals, antioxidants, cytotoxic, analgesic and anti-diarrheal properties of the leaves of Stachyphrynium placentarium methanol extract as well as its dichloromethane soluble fraction using GC-MS technique. The leaves of the S. placentarium were extracted with methanol and designated as SPM. Phytochemicals investigation exhibited the presence of several important secondary metabolites. Antioxidants such as total phenolic content, flavonoids content, total antioxidant, reducing power capacity and DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) free radical scavenging assay SPM revealed non-significant antioxidant properties. The cytotoxicity study of the extract showed significant cytotoxicity (LC50 35.1093 µg/mL) compared to standard vincristine sulfate (LC50 0.482 µg/mL). Analgesic study of S. placentarium by hot plate model indicates both the doses exhibited significant central analgesic activity compared with the control. The maximum analgesic activity was observed at 90 min. SPM (500 mg/kg) is 60.21 %. SPM250 also showed a significant percentage of elongation or latency from 30 to 150 min 57.00, 59.64, 59.88, 58.07 and 53.71 %, respectively 30 min time interval. In the acetic acid writhing test, S. placentarium significantly outperformed the control and standard (SPM250 - 52.27 %, SPM500 - 34.09 and STD - 27.27 %), showing a significant increase in peripheral analgesic activity (p < 0.001). Antidiarrheal activity of SPM showed that SPM250 and SPM500 substantially decreased the feces in castor oil-induced diarrhea (p < 0.05). According to the study, the incidence and severity of diarrhea are significantly reduced by SPM500. Four chemicals are found in the dichloromethane-soluble portion of the methanol extract of S. placentarium leaves, according to GC-MS studies such as Octadecane, 6-methyl- (1.326 %), Dodecane (1.02 %), 1-Iodo-2-methylundecane (0.47 %), tetradecanoic acid 12-methyl, methyl ester (72.64 %). Tetradecanoic acid exhibits anti-inflammatory, anticancer, 5-reductase inhibitory, antioxidant, hemolytic and antifibrinolytic properties. HIGHLIGHTS The phytochemicals, antioxidants, cytotoxic, analgesic and anti-diarrheal properties of Stachyphrynium placentarium methanol extract (SPM) leaves. The dichloromethane soluble fraction is examined using Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and identified Octadecane, 6-methyl-, Dodecane, 1-Iodo-2-methylundecane, tetradecanoic acid 12-methyl, methyl ester. The brine shrimp lethality test exhibited that SPM has significant cytotoxicity (LC50 35.1093 µg/mL) compared to vincristine sulphate (LC50 0.482µg/mL), the extract showed significant cytotoxicity (LC50 35.1093 µg/mL). S. placentarium at both dosages (250 and 500 mg) provided significant central analgesia compared to the control in a hot plate model. In the acetic acid writhing test, S. placentarium showed significantly higher peripheral analgesic action (SPM250 - 52.27, SPM500 - 34.09 and STD - 27.27 %) compared to control and standard. In castor oil-induced diarrhoea, SPM250 and SPM500 (250 and 500 mg) showed significantly reduced faeces production (p < 0.05). GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT