Y/N and OOMFs: Development, Maintenance, and Consequences of Parasocial Relationships on Stan Twitter

The study examines Stan Twitter users’ sense of belonging and their likelihood of creating PSRs as a substitute for real-life connections lost due to the COVID-19 pandemic. A convergent mixed-method design: specifically, the parallel databases variant was used to test the hypothesis and explore research questions. Conducted in January 2022, the study involved online interviews via Zoom with participants from the Philippines. Participants included Stan Twitter users (N = 126) and non-Stan Twitter users (N = 111), all at least 18 years old. Additionally, qualitative interviews were conducted with Stan Twitter users (N = 12) to explore PSRs in depth. Quantitative results (t = 0.548; p = 0.584) indicate no significant difference in the need to belong between the samples; Pandemic (i.e., period) and generational (i.e., Gen Z) effects are seen as contributors. Qualitative results show that PSRs develop due to fulfillment of belongingness needs and other factors, are maintained through parasocial interactions and fandom activities, and have both negative and positive implications for stans’ relationships, fandom behavior, personal growth, and well-being. The findings suggest reinforcing cybersecurity measures and potentially redefining PSRs due to their perceived reciprocation.