Latent Profiles of Seminary Students’ Perceptions of Sense of Community Amidst the COVID-19 Pandemic

Existing research on sense of community in educational contexts shows positive associations with well-being and negative associations with mental health symptoms. However, exploration of students’ sense of community within the seminary context is minimal. Drawing on the relational spirituality model, which posits oscillating experiences of dwelling and seeking in a dialectical growth process, we framed sense of community as horizontal dwelling. We used mixture modeling to generate subgroups using items from a measure of sense of community and then explored associations between sense of community and various demographic predictors and personal formation outcomes, including well-being and symptoms, along with virtues and religiousness/spirituality. We did so within the unique context of the COVID-19 pandemic. We used a sample of graduate students from 18 Christian seminaries across North America (N = 867; Mage = 31.95; 48.1% female; 60% White). Factor mixture results supported a 3-class solution, with one class reporting consistently greater ratings of sense of community, labeled the strongly connected, another class reporting consistent mid-level ratings, labeled the moderately connected, and a third class reporting consistently lower ratings, and labeled the disaffected. Results for the disaffected showed a pattern of associations with lower well-being and greater symptoms, and lower religiousness/spirituality, along with greater pandemic stress. The strongly connected showed greater levels of virtuousness, well-being and religiousness/spirituality, and lower symptoms, although they were also more likely to report greater illusory health. The pattern of associations for the moderately connected was a blend of similarities with the other two subgroups. The disaffected also showed a modest risk effect for lower well-being and greater symptoms over time. Findings pointed to providing greater horizontal dwelling among the disaffected and the need for greater seeking among the strongly connected.