Eucalyptus and Native Broadleaf Mixed Cultures Boost Soil Multifunctionality by Regulating Soil Fertility and Fungal Community Dynamics

The growing recognition of mixed <i>Eucalyptus</i> and native broadleaf plantations as a means of offsetting the detrimental impacts of pure <i>Eucalyptus</i> plantations on soil fertility and the wider ecological environment is accompanied by a clear and undeniable positive impact on forest ecosystem functions. Nevertheless, the question of how mixed <i>Eucalyptus</i> and native broadleaf plantations enhance soil multifunctionality (SMF) and the mechanisms driving soil fungal communities remains unanswered. In this study, three types of mixed <i>Eucalyptus</i> and native broadleaf plantations were selected and compared with neighboring evergreen broadleaf forests and pure <i>Eucalyptus</i> plantations. SMF was quantified using 20 parameters related to soil nutrient cycling. Partial least squares path modeling (PLS-PM) was employed to identify the key drivers regulating SMF. The findings of this study indicate that mixed <i>Eucalyptus</i> and native broadleaf plantations significantly enhance SMF. Mixed <i>Eucalyptus</i> and native broadleaf plantations led to improvements in soil properties (7.60-52.22%), enzyme activities (10.13-275.51%), and fungal community diversity (1.54-29.5%) to varying degrees compared with pure <i>Eucalyptus</i> plantations. Additionally, the mixed plantations exhibit enhanced connectivity and complexity in fungal co-occurrence networks. The PLS-PM results reveal that soil properties, fungal diversity, and co-occurrence network complexity directly and positively drive changes in SMF. Furthermore, soil properties exert an indirect influence on SMF through their impact on fungal diversity, species composition, and network complexity. The findings of this study highlight the significant role of mixed <i>Eucalyptus</i> and native broadleaf plantations in enhancing SMF through improved soil properties, fungal diversity, and co-occurrence network complexity. This indicates that incorporating native broadleaf species into <i>Eucalyptus</i> plantations can effectively mitigate the negative impacts of monoculture plantations on soil health and ecosystem functionality. In conclusion, our study contributes to the understanding of how mixed plantations influence SMF, offering new insights into the optimization of forest management and ecological restoration strategies in artificial forest ecosystems.