Empagliflozin ameliorates olfactory bulbectomy-induced depression by mitigating oxidative stress and possible involvement of brain derived neurotrophic factor in diabetic rats

Empagliflozin, a sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitor, has recently reported to prevent the depression in chronic animal model. The present study aimed to explore the antidepressant potential of empagliflozin using a neuroinflammation-mediated depression involving the olfactory bulbectomy (OBX) model in diabetic rats. A low dose of streptozotocin was injected to induce diabetes in all group of animals. Following the confirmation of hyperglycemia, OBX surgery was performed. Post-surgery, the drug treatments were administered orally for 14 consecutive days. The study evaluated the effects of daily oral administration of empagliflozin at doses of 5 and 10 mg/kg, alongside metformin (200 mg/kg) and clomipramine (50 mg/kg), on OBX-induced behavioral depression in rats. Separate sham and vehicle control groups were also maintained. Behavioral parameters in open field, forced swim test, elevated plus maze and splash test were recorded on 28^th day. Results showed that empagliflozin, at the higher dose, significantly enhanced behavioral outcomes, evidenced by increased distance travelled, greater open arm entries, and reduced immobility, alongside a notable reduction in grooming time. Moreover, empagliflozin significantly restored the antioxidants level specifically Glutathione (GSH) and Catalase (CAT) in OBX insulted rat brain and decreased Lipid peroxidase (LPO). Notably, molecular docking study demonstrated a good binding affinity of empagliflozin for Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF), suggesting that its antidepressant effects may be mediated through the modulation of the BDNF pathway. These findings support the potential therapeutic application of empagliflozin for depression, particularly in cases associated with neuroinflammation and oxidative stress.