The Hidden and Apparent Defects in Hadith: A Study of Mursal Hadith Applications in Imami Tradition

The science of Hadith Defects (ʿIlal al-Ḥadīth) is considered one of the essential branches within the studies of Hadith due to its role in uncovering issues in the chains of transmission (isnads) and texts (matn) that may not be apparent except to a skilled critic and experienced researcher. Many Hadiths that appear authentic on the surface may be found flawed upon meticulous examination. Some concepts related to the mursal Hadith play a direct role in this, particularly hidden interruption (irsaal khafiy), which may not be overtly evident. Though the isnad might appear continuous, it may, in reality, be broken due to the narrator not actually having met their supposed teacher. This research aims to elucidate the concepts and classifications of irsaal (disconnected transmission) and its impact on the science of Hadith Defects. It differentiates between evident irsaal, which does not constitute a defect in the technical sense for Hadith scholars, and hidden irsaal, which does constitute a significant defect impacting the authenticity of a Hadith. Moreover, the study explores the relationship between hidden irsaal and tadlis (obfuscation in the chain of transmission), as tadlis is considered a crucial cause of Hadith defects. The study is not confined to theoretical discussions; it also provides practical examples from Hadith literature within the Imami tradition. These practical examples are critical in teaching the terminology and methodology of Hadith studies, demonstrating the topics in the most comprehensive manner.