An Insight of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles (ZnO NPs): Green Synthesis, Characteristics and Agricultural Applications

Nanoscience represents a highly esteemed and significant emerging domain within contemporary scientific advancements. Continuous research in nanotechnology facilitates the development and commercialization of various nanoproducts globally. The unique dimensions and properties of nanoparticles have garnered considerable attention on an international scale. Good transparency, high electron mobility, wide bandgap, high thermal and mechanical stability at room temperature and luminescence are some of the important properties of these nanoparticles. Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) are particularly noteworthy due to their applications across diverse industries, including gas sensors, biosensors, cosmetics, drug delivery systems, and agricultural practices. ZnO NPs exhibit a broad spectrum of properties, encompassing optical, electrical, piezoelectric, physical, semiconducting, and antimicrobial characteristics. Furthermore, these nanoparticles hold substantial promise for enhancing agricultural productivity. ZnO NPs can be synthesized through various methods, including chemical, hydrothermal, and biological green synthesis techniques. Recently, there has been an increasing focus on the green synthesis of ZnO NPs utilizing different plant extracts or microbial interventions. This biobased approach is considered safer and more environmentally sustainable compared to traditional chemical and physical synthesis methods. This review article primarily addresses the green synthesis, characterization, and agricultural applications of ZnO NPs.