Insilco vaccine design of spike and hemagglutinin esterase proteins of bovine coronavirus

Abstract Background Bovine coronavirus (BCoV) is a widespread, fatal illness in cattle that has a large economic impact in particularly disease-prone hosts. BCoV does not have an effective vaccine. As a result, the objective of this study was to use immunoinformatics and computational tools to design a multi-epitope vaccine against Spike and haemagglutinin proteins of Bovine coronavirus. BCoV proteins were also subjected to protein analysis. Methods A variety of tools of bioinformatics were used for data analysis. Conserved B and T cell epitopes against BCoV target proteins were predicted using the Immune Epitope Database (IEDB). Proteins were characterized utilizing a variety of servers, including Protparam, PSIPRED and the GOR IV servers. The antigenicity, allergenicity, and toxicity of the anticipated epitopes were assessed as well. Results Several MHCI epitopes were predicted from S and HE proteins. As top epitopes, the peptides 77NMALKGTLL85 and 56SYMDLNPAL65 were proposed from Spike and hemagglutinin proteins, respectively. These epitopes exhibited high scores of antigenicity, no allergenicity, no toxicity, and a strong connection to Bola alleles. Moreover, three epitopes (1204YYYPE1208, 379TCQPQ384, and 720QLQPINY726) from Spike glycoprotein were selected as surface, linear, and antigenic epitopes using B cell scales. The methods dropped to anticipate effective and safe epitope(s) to cover all B cell scales from HE protein. Conclusion Three B cell epitopes (1204YYYPE1208, 379TCQPQ384, and 720QLQPINY726) were predicted from Spike protein (S) of BCoV only. MHC I epitopes of S and HE proteins of BCoV predicted two epitopes (77NMALKGTLL85 and 56SYMDLNPAL65 respectively) to have a strong link to Bola alleles, as well as high antigenicity and safety. The predicted epitopes’ activity should be tested experimentally as a multi-epitope vaccine against BCoV using in vitro and in vivo trials.