Optical processing strategies for microimaging small-aperture Wolter mirrors

The Wolter microscope, characterized by its high spatial resolution, large geometric solid angle, and broadband achromatic correction, serves as an ideal initial configuration for the next generation of X-ray imaging diagnostic techniques. Nevertheless, the development of small-aperture Wolter mirrors encounters significant challenges, which primarily hinder their widespread application. This article presents a design approach for micro-imaging small-aperture Wolter microscopes, considering both optical design principles and mirror preparation techniques. It reveals the intricate trade-off relationships among spatial resolution, collection efficiency, and the feasibility of optical processing. By effectively integrating optical principles with manufacturing practices, a staged development roadmap for small-aperture Wolter mirrors is proposed. Through technological convergence, the electroforming nickel preparation process can be gradually mastered. This article provides technical insights that can guide the design and development of high-quality hard X-ray Wolter microscopes.