Risk Factors of Head-Load Carriage among Farmers: An Analysis of Physiological and Perceptual Responses

Musculoskeletal Disorders (MSDs) significantly threaten the health and well-being of farmers who carry head loads. Despite the prevalence of MSDs, a major barrier to preventing this issue is the lack of awareness and training among farmers. In Mantalongon, Dalaguete, Cebu, vegetables are predominantly transported by head-load carriages, exposing farmers to substantial health risks. This study aimed to evaluate the perceptual and physiological responses of farmers to identify risk factors associated with head-load carrying. The research involved 36 farmers, examining the relationship between MSDs and various task-related variables, health history, and personal profiles. The results indicated that the farmers rated their work intensity as "moderate" on the Borg scale and could carry loads averaging 147% of their body weight. Despite these strenuous conditions, no significant statistical correlation was found between personal profiles, health histories, and reported pain and discomfort. Four primary risk factors were identified: (i) the load weight carried significantly affected the Rating of Perceived Exertion (RPE) (p=0.003), neck discomfort (p=0.002), upper back discomfort (p=0.001), and heart rate variation (p=0.025), (ii) the terrain traveled was associated with upper back discomfort (p=0.025), lower back discomfort (p=0.046), and leg discomfort (p=0.031), (iii) the distance traveled significantly influenced heart rate variation (p=0.001), and (iv) the lifting technique was correlated with lower back discomfort (p=0.023). These findings underscore the urgent need for targeted interventions to mitigate MSD risks among farmers. Implementing comprehensive awareness and training programs can provide farmers with the necessary knowledge and skills to reduce the physical strain associated with carrying head loads, thus improving their health and overall well-being.