DNA barcoding, pollen and seed characteristics for documentation of four monocot Mediterranean endemic plant species in Egypt

Abstract Endemic taxa are critical constituents in the flora of most parts of the world. Recently, most of these taxa have become exposed to extinction. This study aims to increase understanding of four monocot Mediterranean threatened endemic taxa in Egypt ( Allium mareoticum Bornm. & Gauba, Bromus aegyptiacus Tausch, Muscari salah-eidii (Täckh. & Boulos) Hosni, Pancratium arabicum Sickenb.) by description of their pollen and seed and authentication of DNA barcoding using rbc L and mat K genes. Twenty field visits were conducted from March 2017 till April 2023 including different localities through Mediterranean area for covering the presence of these species. Characterization of pollen grains and seeds were examined using a light (LM) and scanning electron microscopes (SEM). DNA barcoding was carried out for documentation of the four species. Maturase K ( matK ) and ribulose-bisphosphate carboxylase ( rbcL ) were used as primers for PCR amplification and gene sequencing. The two genes were successful in identifying Allium mareoticum , Bromus aegyptiacus , and Muscari salah-eidii at the genus level and Pancratium arabicum at both species and genus levels for rbcL marker, and the genus level for matK marker. This study is considered a leading study for new barcodes of (A) mareoticum , (B) aegyptiacus , and M. salah-eidii which were initially made available to the NCBI.