Mechanism for cluster formation in a strongly interacting superfluid from gauge/gravity duality

In two-dimensional turbulence systems, the emergence of large-scale structures holds profound physical implications, particularly as it indicates the occurrence of inverse energy cascades, thereby garnering significant attention. In this paper, we report a vortex cluster formation mechanism in the background of near-extreme Reissner-Nordstr"om black hole holographic model. At temperatures nearing absolute zero, we observe the formation of vortex clusters accompanied by the appearance of inverse energy cascade. Through a comparative analysis with the dynamics of the Gross-Pitaevskii equation, we reveal the special mechanism in holographic superfluid. Unlike typical quantum systems, the formation of holographic vortex clusters is driven by unique quantum dissipation properties, caused by filling with normal material similar to strange metallic states, as in high-temperature superconductivity, characterized by the fact that the vortex dipoles can hardly move at low temperatures. Our research demonstrates significant difference for vortex motion in strongly interacting superfluid, which provides a promising route to be observed in the strongly interacting Fermi gas experiments.