Construction of Aptamer-Functionalized DNA Hydrogels for Effective Inhibition of Shiga Toxin II Toxicity

Bacterial infections have been seriously endangering public health and life, making it imperative to explore novel anti-infection strategies for their control. Herein, we constructed a DNA hydrogel encoded with aptamers (Apt-hydrogel) to inhibit Shiga toxin II (Stx2) toxicity, thereby alleviating <i>Escherichia coli</i> (EHEC) infection. The Apt-hydrogel was formed by two Y-shaped DNA scaffolds through rational design, where one end of Y was encoded with an aptamer sequence targeting the B subunit of Shiga toxin II (Stx2B). The Apt-hydrogel not only retained the high affinity of the aptamer but also provided protection for the aptamer, endowing it with better stability and biocompatibility. The results from in vitro and in vivo demonstrated good mediation effects of the Apt-hydrogel on Stx2 toxicity and confirmed its excellent inhibition activity. We hypothesized that the mechanism could be attributed to the high affinity of Apt-hydrogel for Stx2B, which effectively occupies the active site of Stx2B and its receptor Gb3. This interaction enhanced steric hindrance, thereby mediating their interaction and preventing Stx2 from entering the cell to exert toxicity. We anticipate that the novel Apt-hydrogel will expand the usage of aptamers and provide a new dimension for the Apt-hydrogel as a promising blocking assistant to inhibit Shiga toxin infections via a strong steric hindrance effect.