Examining Water Efficiency Measures for Three- to Five-Star Graded Game Lodges and for Residential Beneficiation in Hammanskraal, South Africa

Globally, water scarcity has been a concern for the tourism and hospitality sectors, which are significant water consumers. Conflict between lodges and residents can also arise from differing priorities, competition, limited access, and inadequate infrastructure. There are limited studies addressing water governance challenges and equitable water access while balancing conservation, tourism, and local needs. In the arid regions of water-scarce South Africa, particularly in areas hosting game lodges essential to tourism, effective water management is vital in societal terms. In this context, the present study aimed to address these issues by investigating water efficiency measures adopted in game lodges and exploring sustainable solutions for equitable water access for neighboring residents. Effective water governance is essential for balancing conservation efforts, fulfilling guest expectations, and meeting the needs of local communities. Through semistructured techniques, this study explored the adoption of water efficiency measures by residents in Hammanskraal and the neighboring three-to five-star graded game lodges around Dinokeng Game Reserve, South Africa. The challenges that game lodges face is outlined, such as deficient government policy enforcement and insufficient stakeholder collaboration, which hinder the mandatory adoption of water efficiency measures. This suggests the need for stronger regulatory frameworks and better coordination among stakeholders in ensuring the success of game lodges in water management. The specific strategies and technologies employed by residents and lodges to conserve water and manage their resources sustainably were identified. Findings further illuminate the intricate relationship between game lodges, residents, and water resource management, emphasizing the need for harmonious coexistence to prevent social tensions. Additionally, the study exposed gaps in policy, corruption, and inadequate infrastructure, which have led to suboptimal water governance in the Hammanskraal region. Municipal lapses and inadequate monitoring contribute to water management issues, negatively affecting residents. The key knowledge contributions highlighted by the study include the importance of engaging local communities in water governance for more effective and resilient water management practices.