Encephalomyelitis and serositis caused by <i>Chlamydia pecorum</i> in buffalo calves from Brazil

<i>Chlamydia pecorum</i> causes subclinical infections in cattle, but sporadic, bovine encephalomyelitis cases have been reported in calves and documented in two instances in European buffalo. An outbreak of <i>Chlamydia pecorum</i>-induced encephalomyelitis and serositis occurred in 3-month-old buffalo calves from Brazil. Initially presenting with pelvic limb incoordination, the calves progressed to lateral recumbency, depression, and death. Necropsies of two calves revealed encephalomyelomalacia, fibrin deposition on the external surface of the pericardium (case 1) and pleural and pericardial fibrosis (case 2). Microscopically, a multifocal to coalescing, necrotizing, neutrophilic and lymphocytic meningoencephalomyelitis with fibrinoid vasculitis and thrombosis was present. Anti-<i>Chlamydia</i> antibody labeling was demonstrated by immunohistochemistry. Bacteriological examination yielded no pathogenic bacteria in the brain or lungs. <i>Chlamydia pecorum</i> was confirmed by PCR. This work describes the gross, histopathological, microbiological, and molecular findings in two cases from an outbreak of <i>Chlamydia pecorum</i>-induced disease in buffalo calves.